Porgy and Bess (Miles Davis album).html



Porgy and Bess
Studio album by Miles Davis
Released	1958
Recorded	July 22–August 18, 1958 30th Street Studio (New York, New York)
Genre	Jazz, third stream, cool jazz
Length	50:53 (Original LP) 58:18 (CD Reissue)
Label	Columbia CL-1274
Producer	Teo Macero Cal Lampley
Professional reviews
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Miles Davis chronology
Milestones (1958) Porgy and Bess (1958) 1958 Miles (1958)
Alternate cover
U.K. 45 rpm release

Porgy and Bess is a studio album by jazz musician Miles Davis, released in 1958 on Columbia Records. The album features arrangements by Davis and collaborator Gil Evans from George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess. The album was recorded in four sessions on July 22, July 29, August 4 and August 18 in 1958 at Columbia's 30th Street Studio in New York City. It is the second collaboration between Davis and Evans and has garnered much critical acclaim since its release, being acknowledged by music critics as the best of their collaborations.¹ For many jazz critics, Porgy and Bess is regarded as historic.²

Conception

Background

In 1958, Davis was one of many jazz musicians growing dissatisfied with bebop, seeing its increasingly complex chord changes as hindering creativity.³ Five years earlier, in 1953, pianist George Russell published his Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization, which offered an alternative to the practice of improvisation based on chords.⁴ Abandoning the traditional major and minor key relationships of Western music, Russell developed a new formulation using scales or a series of scales for improvisations.⁴ Russell's approach to improvisation came to be known as modal in jazz.⁴ Davis saw Russell's methods of composition as a means of getting away from the dense chord-laden compositions of his time, which Davis had labeled "thick".⁵ Modal composition, with its reliance on scales and modes, represented, as Davis put it,³ "a return to melody".⁶ In a 1958 interview with Nat Hentoff of The Jazz Review, Davis remarked on the modal approach:

When Gil wrote the arrangement of "I Loves You, Porgy," he only wrote a scale for me. No chords... gives you a lot more freedom and space to hear things... there will be fewer chords but infinite possibilities as to what to do with them. Classical composers have been writing this way for years, but jazz musicians seldom have.⁷

—Miles Davis

In early 1958, Miles Davis began using with this approach and his sextet.⁸ Influenced by Russell's ideas, Davis implemented his first modal composition with the title track of his 1958 album Milestones, which was based on two modes, recorded in April of that year.⁸ Instead of soloing in the straight, conventional, melodic way, Davis’s new style of improvisation featured rapid mode and scale changes played against sparse chord changes.⁹⁴ Davis' second collaboration with Gil Evans on Porgy and Bess gave him more room for experimentation with Russell's concept and with third stream playing, as Evans' compositions for Davis featured this modal approach.³

Adaptation

The musical, commercial and critical success of 1957's Miles Ahead helped make future Miles Davis and Gil Evans ventures possible, as it impressed Columbia Records enough for them to bestow further artistic control upon Davis and Evans. At that period, the Samuel Goldwyn film adaptation of the George Gershwin/DuBose Heyward/Ira Gershwin opera Porgy and Bess was in production, set for release in June of 1959. The advance publicity for the film was considerable, and with the late-'50s vogue for recorded "jazz versions of...", a number of Porgy and Bess jazz interpretations were released. These ranged from an all-star big band version arranged and conducted by Bill Potts to one by Bob Crosby and the Bobcats. Most were not as memorable as the Miles Davis/Gil Evans version. Following the first collaboration with Evans, Davis followed up on these efforts with much interest in symphonic readings, which, at the time, jazzmen were not known for, and neither were some classically trained musicians known for interpreting jazz scores. However, Miles enlisted members of his sextet, anyway, including Cannonball Adderley and Paul Chambers.

Reception

The second in a series of Davis/Evans collaborations, Porgy and Bess became highly acclaimed by music critics, such as Bill Kirchner who wrote, "In this century's American music, three partnerships have been most influential: Duke Ellington/Billy Strayhorn, Frank Sinatra/Nelson Riddle, and Miles Davis/Gil Evans."¹⁰ As one of Miles Davis' best-selling albums, Porgy and Bess was regarded as a landmark album in orchestral jazz. Davis biographer Jack Chambers described the album as "a new score, with its own integrity, order and action." ¹¹ The album's appeal was more widespread among critics after the 1997 reissue. Robert Gilbert of All About Jazz praised the album, as he wrote:

...one of many great albums that Miles Davis recorded over his lifetime. It reaches a higher plateau than most, though, in its way that it can reach the listener on both a musical and emotional level.
That the album is still able to do this after almost forty-five years is a testament to the rare magic that occurred in a New York studio over four days in the summer of 1958.¹²

—Robert Gilbert

In an August 1997 issue, JazzTimes magazine called Porgy and Bess "possibly the best of the collaborations between Miles and Gil Evans... Evans is justly regarded as the master of modern orchestration and Porgy and Bess shows him at his best."¹³ The album was included in Elvis Costello’s "500 Albums You Need" (Vanity Fair, Issue No. 483 11/00)¹⁴ and was also ranked #785 on the Virgin "All-Time Top 1000 Album" list.¹⁵

Track listing

All compositions written by George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin and DuBose Heyward, except otherwise noted.

Side one

Side two

Bonus tracks

Bonus cuts featured on the 1997 compact disc reissue.

Personnel

Musicians

• Miles Davis - trumpet, flugelhorn
• Ernie Royal, Bernie Glow, Johnny Coles and Louis Mucci - trumpet
• Dick Hixon, Frank Rehak, Jimmy Cleveland and Joe Bennett - trombone
• Willie Ruff, Julius Watkins and Gunther Schuller - horn
• Bill Barber - tuba
• Phil Bodner, Jerome Richardson and Romeo Penque - flute, alto flute & clarinet
• Cannonball Adderley - alto saxophone
• Danny Bank - alto flute & bass clarinet
• Paul Chambers - bass
• Jimmy Cobb - drums (except tracks 3,4, 9, & 15)
• Philly Joe Jones - drums (tracks 3,4, 9, & 15)
• Gil Evans - arranger & conductor

Production

• Cal Lampley - producer
• Frank Laico - recording engineer
• Roy De Carava - cover photo

Notes

References

• Porgy and Bess album liner notes by Charles Edward Smith & Bill Kirchner. Sony Music Entertainment Inc.. 
• "The Golden Anniversary of Miles Davis's 'Porgy & Bess'" by Alan Kurtz et al, (Jazz.com)